「除了拍照不要拿走任何花草，除了足跡不要留下任何物品。」

Round-leaved Sundew  (茅膏菜)

食蟲植物

茅膏菜科(Droseraceae)茅膏菜屬(Drosera)食蟲植物,有100種。多為小型多年生植物。原產於熱帶和溫帶大部分地區,尤其是澳大拉西亞和南非。葉匙形或槳形,覆以紅色長毛。花5瓣,聚生成修長花穗。葉上的長毛似觸手,能活動,末端有球形腺體,可分泌粘性物質,被閃爍液滴所吸引的昆蟲即被粘住。昆蟲的掙扎使得周圍的毛向內彎曲,以防其逃脫。葉片本身也彎捲覆蓋昆蟲。然後腺體分泌消化黴將獵物消化掉,葉和毛再張開。

Pitcher-plant  

食蟲植物

(an insectivorous plant)

Columbine (耬斗菜)

北美原住民將它的種子浸泡成藥酒，可治頭痛和發燒。

學名Aquilegia vulgaris,毛莨科(Ranunculaceae)多年生植物，野生或培植於庭院的品種均很吸引蜂鳥來吸食。產於北美的品種花色為紅-黃，產於歐洲、北非和亞洲。葉分為三片,每片又一分為三。花藍色,偶有白色,分五瓣,每瓣有含花蜜的後彎花距。普遍的庭園品種常稱為耬斗菜屬(aquilegia),其中包括有長而直的花距和更豔麗花朵的雜種

由真菌(地衣共生菌)和藻類或藍菌(地衣共生藻)共生的複合生物。菌體可呈皮殼狀、鱗片狀、葉狀,甚至灌木樣,因物種而異。地衣中真菌部分多屬子囊菌。許多地衣對大氣污染極敏感,可作為污染指示生物。

 Black Morel   (羊肚菌)

可食用

學名Marchella esculenta,子囊菌亞部(Ascomycetes)盤菌目(Pezizales)一種可食真菌。子實體有一灰色柄,一淡棕色卵形頭,表面凸凹不平。見於森林、牧場或篝火處的肥沃鹼性土地。單生,有時多個環生

Painted Cup (Indian Paintbrush)
Castilleja coccinea

Painted cup is an annual or biennial that is parasitic on the roots of other plants. Painted cup is endangered in the state of Connecticut.

• Family: Figwort (Scrophulariaceae)
• Habitat: meadows and prairies with moist sandy soil
• Height: 1-2 feet
• Flower size: actual flowers are small; the cluster of showy red bracts is around 1-1/2 inches across
• Flower color: actual flowers yellow-green, surrounded by red bracts
• Flowering time: May to July
• Origin: native

Birdfoot Trefoil(鳥爪三葉草)

豆科(Leguminosae)兩個屬的植物。車軸草屬(Trifolium)植物小葉3枚,花黃色。面脈根屬(Lotus)植物為廣泛分佈的一年生或多年生草本,見於歐洲、亞洲、非洲、北美和澳大利亞。葉分為5片小葉。花小,蝶形花冠,常為黃色或淺紅色。莢果較長,內含多顆種子

• Family: Pea (Fabaceae)

• Habitat: roadsides, waste areas, fields

• Height: 6-18 inches

• Flower size: 1/2 inch long

• Flower color: yellow

• Flowering time: June to October

• Origin: Europe

 Black-eyed Susan(黑眼蘇珊)

學名Thunbergia alata,即翼葉山牽牛。爵床科(Acanthaceae)細長的一年生攀緣植物。原產於南非。纏繞莖長達2公尺。葉心形,對生。花冠管狀,口部張開,鮮黃色,5裂,中心有一個深紫色或黑色的眼斑。

Individual stalked yellow flowers which have a head about 3 inches wide. There are 10 to 20 petals that surround a circular disk. These perennial, plants are up to 6 feet tall, with hairy leaves that are deeply lobed. Attracts: Butterflies and Honeybees.

Bloom time: From August through October.

Range: Found in prairies from Indiana to Eastern Nebraska.

Sunshine: Full sun to partial shade.

Moisture: Fairly wet to fairly dry.

Soil types: Clay or loam best.

Suggested seed treatment:   You should provide 30 days of cold moist stratification. Many prairie wildflower seeds benefit by moist cold stratification, some require it to germinate. Seed that you purchase from Oak Prairie Farm has not received cold moist stratification.

「請注意！有毒！碰到葉子皮膚會紅腫。」

Poison Ivy (野葛; 櫟葉毒漆樹)

毒漆葛 學名Rhus toxicodendron,漆樹科(Anacardiaceae)灌木或木質藤本。原產於北美,變異甚多。葉由三小葉構成,平滑而光澤或具毛、齒或分裂,有時似櫟葉,故又名毒櫟。花白色。全株產生樹脂,內含漆酚,有毒性,皮膚接觸後可引起發炎。樹脂無揮發性,可由衣服、土壤甚至煙霧攜帶至遠離植株的地方產生效應。

     It is a woody vine that is well known for its ability to produce urushiol, a skin irritant that causes an itching rash for most people.

     The reaction caused by poison ivy, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, is an allergic reaction. Some people simply do not have an allergy to urushiol. Around 15%[1] to 30%[2] of people are immune to the effects; however, sensitivity can develop over time with repeated exposure. For those who are affected by urushiol, it causes a very irritating rash. In extreme cases, corticosteroids can be needed to treat rashes and severe itching. The first symptom of contact is a severe itching of the skin that develops into reddish colored inflammation or non-colored bumps, and then blistering of the skin occurs. In severe cases, clear fluids ooze from open blistered sores. Once the urushiol poison has had contact with the skin 

 Large-flowered Trillium (延齡草)

(安大略省 的 省花)

• Family: Lily (Liliaceae)

• Habitat: rich woods

• Height: 12-18 inches

• Flower size: 2-4 inches across

• Flower color: white, turning pink with age

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

Trillium 變種 延齡草 純白花瓣中多出3道綠線

 蟬  (Cicada )

同翅目(Homoptera),蟬科(Ciae)昆蟲。是一種大型的典型熱帶昆蟲。漫長生命周期中大部分時間潛伏地下以蛹的形式度過。食植物根部汁液。成蟲生活在樹上。雄性獨具發達的發聲器官。

     A cicada is an insect with big eyes wide apart on the head and usually transparent, well-veined wings. There are approximately 2,500 species of cicada around the globe, and many remain unclassified. Cicadas live in temperate to tropical climates where they are one of the most widely recognized of all insects, mainly due to their large size and remarkable (and often inescapable) acoustic talents. Cicadas are sometimes called "locusts", although they are unrelated to true locusts, which are a kind of grasshopper. Cicadas are related to leafhoppers and spittlebugs.

     Cicadas do not bite or sting, are benign to humans, and are not considered a pest. Many people around the world regularly complement their standard diet with cicadas: the female is prized for eating as it is meatier. Cicadas have been eaten (or are still eaten) in Ancient Greece, China, Malaysia, Burma, Australia, Latin America and the Congo. Cicadas are employed in the traditional medicines of China and Japan for hearing-related matters.

 Cut-leaved Toothwort (齒鱗草)

學名Lathraea sqauumaria,玄參科(Scrophulariaceae)寄生性多年生植物。原產於歐洲和亞洲。莖白色,花略帶暗紫色,生於穗狀花序的一側。與列當極相似 ,但寄生於喬木或灌木,尤其是榆樹和榛木的根

• Family: Mustard (Brassicaceae)

• Habitat: rich, moist woods

• Height: 8-15 inches

• Flower size: 3/4 inch across

• Flower color: white

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

菊苣 (Chicory)

     學名Cichorium intybus,菊科(Compositae)多年生植物。高達120公分,具長而粗壯的直根。原產歐洲、西亞和北非,現已廣泛引種別處。葉矛狀,有裂片或鋸齒形邊,上部葉子緊抱莖上。頭狀花序幾乎無梗,直徑2.5-4公分,亮藍色,罕見粉紅或白色。個別地區作為蔬菜和藥用植物種植。根乾燥和磨碎後用作咖啡代用品。

     Chicory is a bushy perennial herb with blue flowers. Originating from Europe, it was naturalized in North America, where it has become a roadside weed. The roots are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive in the plant's Mediterranean region of origin, although its use as a coffee additive is still very popular in the American South, particularly in New Orleans. Chicory, with sugar beet and rye was used as an ingredient of the East German Mischkaffee (mixed coffee), introduced during the 'coffee crisis' of 1976-9

     Chicory's leaves are still used today in typical Roman recipes: it's common in Roman restaurants to eat dishes with boiled chicory leaves, olive oil and lemon juice (fried with garlic and red pepper). The plant is very common in the Roman countryside and is often picked up by farmers; recently greengrocers introduced a cultivated variety of the plant, which is bigger and has longer leaves.

Yellow Goat's-beard 

Tragopogon dubius

• Family: Aster (Asteraceae)

• Habitat: fields, roadsides & waste places

• Height: 1-1/2 to 3 feet

• Flower size: flowerheads 1-1/2 to 2 inches across

• Flower color: yellow

• Flowering time: June to August

• Origin: Europe, Asia

一枝黃花 (Goldenrod)

     菊科(Compositae)一枝黃花屬(Solidago)的幾種植物。一般生長在花園中的這種植物稱為加拿大黃花(S.canadensis),是一種產於北美的晚花多年生植物,能長到1.5公尺,葉矛狀,長尖,花朵極多,甚小,金黃色,排列在密集的圓錐花叢中大致水平分佈的分枝上。歐洲黃花(S.virgaurea)是一種較小的多年生植物, 長到1公尺高,有較大的頭狀花序,直徑達1公分,分佈在葉茂樹叢中 

     One of the last big flower shows each year is provided by the goldenrods.  Within Kansas 12 species are known with several varieties.  They are all perennials with large clusters of small yellow flowers that appear from the end of summer until frost.  The leaves of goldenrods are simple, lance or egg shaped and usually have a toothed margin.   Most species propagate by a spreading root system in addition to seed.  They can be a troublesome addition to a wildflower garden for that reason.   They become more common in pastures under heavy grazing pressure and so are used as an indicator species by range managers.

     Just about every insect with an interest in flowers may by found on goldenrod in autumn.  The predators of those insects will be found there also.   Wheel bugs and flower crab spiders, in particular, like to lay in wait for prey on goldenrod clusters.

 北美 灰樹蛙

    樹蛙是指可以利用膨大成明顯吸盤狀的指端在枝葉間穿梭或平貼在樹幹上，並常常以樹林為家的蛙類。大部份的樹蛙都具有良好的保護色，面對敵人時採用以不動應萬變的策略，活動範圍小，遷移能力又差，很容易因地理隔離而演化出新種。

    樹蛙是屬於夜行性動物，所以它們在白天的時候，多半是把身體平貼著葉片或樹幹，閉著眼睛，躲得好好的睡覺。晚上是它們活動的時間，由於它們的眼睛只看得見會動的東西，因此凡是飛過或爬過它們眼前、長得比它們小的甲蟲、蚯蚓、毛毛蟲等都是美味的食物；但不會動的東西，例如死蚯蚓，它們則是視若無睹、毫不理會。

    平時樹蛙大多棲息在山林裡的喬木或灌叢裡、姑婆芋葉片上或者地表隱密的地方，晝伏夜出，安安靜靜。但到了繁殖季節，它們則會大舉遷移到山林附近的池塘、水溝、稻田或溪流，進行一年一度、轟轟烈烈的求偶行為。此時雄蛙會發出響亮的叫聲，以吸引雌蛙與其交配。

    卵孵化成蝌蚪，蝌蚪在水域生活，以口部的角質齒刮取藻類為食，偶而若有些蛋白質的食物掉進水域，例如死蚯蚓，它們也會主動啃食，不過多半時間仍以素食性為主。蝌蚪期的長短和環境溫度、食物有關。在攝氏25度、食物充足的情況下，大約一個半月就可以變態成小樹蛙。小樹蛙吃的東西比較小，例如蚊子、果蠅或小蟋蟀，隨著它們的成長，能吃的東西也就越來越多，越來越大。

 Herb Robert (Robert Geranium)

Geranium robertianum

• Family: Geranium (Geraniaceae)

• Habitat: rocky woods, slopes, shores

• Height: 8-18 inches

• Flower size: 1/2 inch across

• Flower color: pink

• Flowering time: May to October

• Origin: uncertain whether Connecticut plants are native or originated in Eurasia

Iris versicolor

This species looks similar to the slender blueflag. They can be distinguished by the width of the leaves. Larger blueflag leaves are 1/2 to one inch across; slender blueflag leaves are less than 1/4 inch wide.

• Family: Iris (Iridaceae)

• Habitat: marshes, wet meadows

• Height: 2-3 feet

• Flower size: 3-4 inches wide

• Flower color: blue-purple

• Flowering time: May to July

• Origin: native

 Marsh Marigold (溼地金盞花)

• Family: Buttercup (Ranunculaceae)

• Habitat: swamps, stream edges

• Height: 8-24 inches

• Flower size: 1 to 1-1/2 inches across

• Flower color: yellow

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

 Mayapple

Mayapples have umbrella-like leaves on foot-tall stems. Plants with a forked stem and two "umbrellas" produce a single flower in the fork. Queen bees frequently visit the flowers, as they are a very rich source of pollen. The flowers give rise to yellow fruits the size of large grapes. The ripe fruit is edible, though all other plant parts (including unripe fruit) are poisonous. The fruit is eaten by box turtles.

• Family: Barberry (Berberidaceae)

• Habitat: woods

• Height: 12-18 inches

• Flower size: 2 inches across

• Flower color: white

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

「 蝴蝶 最喜歡吸食 乳草 的花蜜，種在後院 可以吸引蝴蝶 」

 Milkweed (乳 草)

    蘿藦科(Asclepiadaceae)馬利筋屬(Asclepias)產膠乳的多年生植物,有時為灌木,有120種。原產美洲。葉成對或三片輪生。花成小繖形花序,每朵花有一短管狀花冠,5個雄蕊與花柱合為一個管狀物,上有5個瓣狀附件。

     Milkweed (Butterfly flower, Silkweed, Silky Swallow-wort) is native to most of North America east of the Rockies, with the exception of the drier parts of the Prairies. It grows in sandy soils and appreciates lots of sunlight.

     Common milkweed is a herbaceous perennial plant growing from a rhizome to 1-2 m tall. The stem is very hairy, and all parts of the plants produce a white latex when broken. The leaves are opposite, simple broad ovate-lanceolate, 7-25 cm long and 3-12 cm broad, usually with an undulate margin and a red-colored main vein. They have a very short petiole and a velvety underside.

Uses

     The plant's latex contains large quantities of glycosides, making the leaves and pod bark toxic for sheep, and potentially humans (though large quantities of the foul-tasting parts would need to be eaten). However, the young shoots, young leaves, flower buds and fresh fruits are all edible.

 Purple Loosestrife (紫色馬鞭草)

NATIVE RANGE

Eurasia; throughout Great Britain, and across central and southern Europe to central Russia, Japan, Manchuria China, southeast Asia and northern India  

ECOLOGICAL THREAT

Purple loosestrife adapts readily to natural and disturbed wetlands. As it establishes and expands, it outcompetes and replaces native grasses, sedges, and other flowering plants that provide a higher quality source of nutrition for wildlife. The highly invasive nature of purple loosestrife allows it to form dense, homogeneous stands that restrict native wetland plant species, including some federally endangered orchids, and reduce habitat for waterfowl.

 Queen anne's lace (安妮皇后的蕾絲)

Queen anne's lace (Daucus carota) is a flowering plant native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia.

Daucus carota is a variable biennial plant, usually growing up to 1 m tall and flowering from June to August. The umbels are claret-coloured or pale pink before they open, then bright white and rounded when in full flower, measuring 3-7cm wide with a festoon of bracts beneath; finally, as they turn to seed, they contract and become concave like a bird's nest. This has given the plant its British common or vernacular name, Bird's Nest. Very similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, it is distinguished by a mix of bi-pinnate and tri-pinnate leaves, fine hairs on its stems and leaves, a root that smells like carrots.

Women have used the seeds from queen anne's lace, for centuries as a contraceptive, the earliest written reference dates back to the late 5th or 4th century B.C.  "The seeds, harvested in the fall, are a strong contraceptive if taken orally immediately after coitus.

White Trout Lily (白色鱒魚百合)

Other common names: White Adder's Tongue

Family: Lily Family (Liliaceae)

 Distinctive features: The white flowers are among the first to bloom in the spring. Mottled small pointy leaves.

 Flowers: Spring;  White;  6 parts (petals);  Solitary white nodding flowers. Very photogenic.

Leaves: One or two per plant. Stiff, upright, 3-8" long. Mottled like a trout fish skin (hence the name).

Height: About 3-8"

Stem: None, except for the flower: smooth.

Fruit/Seeds: In a capsule, maturing as the rest of the plant dies off.

Habitat: Forests

Lifespan: Perennial. Disappears by early summer, to reappear the next spring.

Edible: The corms (tubers) are edible raw.

Books: Newcombe's Wildflower Guide: 338    Peterson's Field Guide to Wildflowers: 10    ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario: 73     

Native/Non-native: Native

「 因葉片上有類似鱒魚身上的花點，因而得名 」

 Trout Lily (鱒魚百合)

    百合科(Liliaceae)百合屬(Lilium)多年生植物。具有由重疊肥大的鱗片狀葉片組成的鱗莖,有80種。產於北溫帶地區。莖直立,不分枝,具大量狹窄、互生或輪生的葉片。花被6數,大型,頂生,常下垂,常呈喇叭形或花卷呈土耳其帽狀。花色多樣,多為白色、黃至紅色、紫色,具常有斑點。雄蕊長,突出。許多種類因其花美味香而深受喜愛。「百合」一名也常指多種其他植物。

Trout lily is said to get its name from the speckled leaves, reminiscent of the speckled skin of a trout. It generally grows in groups of dozens to hundreds of plants.

• Family: Lily (Liliaceae)

• Habitat: rich woods

• Height: 4-10 inches

• Flower size: 1 inch wide

• Flower color: yellow, sometimes marked with brown

• Flowering time: March to May

• Origin: native

 Christmas Fern (聖誕蕨)

    真蕨綱(Filicopsida或Filicinae)產孢子的維管植物,與石松、木賊近緣,約有1萬種。蕨與石松、木賊都有悠久的化石紀錄,包含許多絕滅的種類。蕨早在泥盆紀即出現,在石炭紀尤其繁盛,種類亦多。現可見到的蕨是二倍體的孢子體 (生活史中佔優勢的世代)。通常具1至多片大型葉,葉常多回分裂,幼葉拳捲,形似主教權杖,成長後展開。能育葉(孢子葉)的下表面有孢子囊,常成群聚生成孢子囊群,並構成獨特的圖案,其位置、形狀和囊群蓋(indusium)在鑑定上十分重要。孢子從孢子囊中釋出,萌發形成單倍體的原葉體(prothallus)-配子體世代。蕨類的配子體形極小,常為心形,壽命短,非常脆弱,要求潮濕的生境, 易被嚴酷的外界條件殺死。蕨的類型甚多,少數種類為一年生,但多數種類為多年生,具堅韌的根狀莖。葉通常形成蓮座,但也可單生或沿根狀莖以一定的間隔著生。有幾個種為攀緣植物;有的具粗壯、直立、樹幹狀的根狀莖;有的為名副其實的喬木狀-具高大、堅硬的樹幹,葉生於莖頂呈樹冠狀。少數種為水生,其葉極度退化,長有不怕蘸濕的毛,有利於植株飄浮。雖然蕨類大致上為世界性分布,但大部分種類集中於熱帶和較暖較潮濕的地區。

Christmas fern stays green all winter; the fronds were formerly used for Christmas decorations. It is common and easy to identify from the shape of the fronds.

• Family: Dryopteridaceae

• Habitat: rich woods and open woods

• Height: fronds 2-3 feet long

• Location of spores: spores on undersides of leaflets

• Stipe (leaf stalk): stout, shallowly-grooved, with dense light-brown scales. leaflets dark green, shiny

• Growth pattern: asymmetric clump

• Persistence: evergreen

「 冬天仍然保持翠綠不落葉，在北美常用於聖誕裝飾 因而取名 聖誕蕨 」

 Ox-eye Daisy (牛眼雛菊)

    學名Bellis perennis,菊科(Compositae)多年生植物。原產於歐洲和西亞。葉基生,廣橢圓形或匙形,組成蓮座。花莖無葉,高可達20公分,花頭單生。邊緣的舌狀白色小花,常帶紅色色調,中盤上的筒狀小花則為黃色。生長於植株低矮的草原和經常修剪草坪的花園中,以免為較高的植被所窒息。借短小的根狀莖而蔓延,常變成難以除盡的雜草。重瓣的品種可栽作觀賞植物。

     Oxeye daisy is not native. It, along with many other common meadow flowers, was introduced from Europe.

• Family: Aster (Asteraceae)

• Habitat: dry fields, meadows and waste places

• Height: 1-3 feet

• Flower size: flowerhead 1-2 inches across

• Flower color: white rays around a yellow disk

• Flowering time: June to August

• Origin: Europe, Asia

 Wake-robin (Purple Trillium) (紫色延齡草)

Wake-robin usually has dark reddish-purple flowers, but occasionally they are white. More rarely, the flowers are pinkish or greenish. White-flowered wake-robin can be confused with large-flowered trillium, but wake-robin has a purple ovary (in the middle of the flower), and its petals are narrower and do not overlap at the base.

• Family: Lily (Liliaceae)

• Habitat: rich woods

• Height: 7-16 inches

• Flower size: 2-3 inches wide

• Flower color: dark reddish-purple, occasionally pink, white, or greenish

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

  Red Pine (二葉松，紅松)

     The red pine (Pinus resinosa) is a pine native to northeastern North America, occurring from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia.

     It is an evergreen tree characterized by tall, straight growth in a variety of habitats. It usually ranges from 20-35 m in height and 1 m in trunk diameter, but can exceed that in optimal conditions, exceptionally reaching 43 m tall (Gymnosperm Database). The crown is conical in young trees, becoming a narrow rounded dome with age. The bark is thick and gray-brown at the base of the tree, but thin, flaky and bright orange-red in the upper crown; the tree's name derives from this distinctive character. Some red color may be seen in the fissures of the bark. Red Pine is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy.

 Common Blue Violet (紫羅蘭)

    堇菜科(Violaceae)堇菜屬(Viola)植物,有500種,一年生或多年生。原產於大部分溫帶地區,許多種為高山種。葉多為心形,花兩側對稱,5瓣,具一向後突出的短距,藍、黃、白色或一朵花兼具幾種顏色,有的種類花芳香,包括常稱為三色堇的種類

This is the violet that often grows in lawns. White or partly-white flowers occur. Some authorities subdivide the species into broad-leaved wood violet (Viola latiuscula), common blue violet (Viola papilionacea), northern blue violet (Viola septentrionalis), and woolly blue violet (Viola sororia). Common blue violet is a variable species. Identifying marks: broad, heart-shaped leaves; flowers and leaves on separate stems that arise from the roots; flowers do not stand much above the leaves (compare to marsh blue violet); and the lowest petal does not have a spur (compare to great-spurred violet).

• Family: Violet (Violaceae)

• Habitat: woods, meadows, waste areas

• Height: 3-8 inches

• Flower size: 3/4 to 1 inch wide

• Flower color: blue-purple, occasionally white or bicolor

• Flowering time: April to June

• Origin: native

 Walnut Tree (胡桃樹)

學名Juglans regia,胡桃科(Juglandaceae)枝條開展的落葉喬木。高可達30公尺。原產於巴爾幹半島,現已在世界各地廣泛栽種和歸化。羽狀複葉,由7-9對橢圓形的小葉組成。花單性,雌雄異枝同株,雄花聚成葇荑花序,生於老枝上;雌花叢集生,生於新枝上。果光滑,綠色,直徑4-5公分。種子表面有皺,木質,即人們熟知的胡桃。